Do Humans Have a Soul

Table of Contents Introduction The Biblical conception of Soul Universal Conception of Soul Misconceptions of Immortal Soul Conclusion Introduction Do humans have a soul? What happens to human beings when they pass on? Can we confidently assert that the human soul is immortal? These are some of the fundamental questions that have attracted heated debate from time immemorial. This paper will address these questions from both the universal and the biblical perspectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Humans Have a Soul? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Biblical conception of Soul The first book of the Bible, Genesis, clearly states that the first human couple (Adam and Eve) was created with an immortal soul. However, they threw away this precious gift when they sinned against God. As a result, God expelled them from the Garden of so that they could eat from the tree of life and regain their lost immorta lity. Since Adam and Eve were not allowed to regain their immortality from the tree of life, they eventually grew old and die. This means that human beings do not have a soul that lives on after their demise. However, God has promised his obedient servants an immortal soul if they remain faithful to him. For example, the Bible contains several accounts of people who were brought back to life. These accounts demonstrate the unlimited powers that God has over death. According to the book of Romans, God condemned humans to death when Adam and Eve sinned against Him. Since we are discontents of the first couple, we must die in order to pay for their sins. According to the Greeks soul is a transitory life of an individual. To them life is always transitory and never immortal or eternal. This is evident in the bible where most of the references are associated with the physical life and not an immortal soul. For instance, Acts 15:26 states that â€Å"Men that have hazarded their lives fo r the name of our Lord Jesus Christ†. This clearly refers to the physical life and does not mention if humans could endanger their souls for standing up with Jesus Christ. Similarly, it is quoted in Revelation 12:11 that â€Å"And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death†. This also refers to mortal lives that could perish. Luke 12:18 confirms that human souls can pass on and that an individual soul is the same as the flesh. We have confirmed from the biblical verses that the human soul and the flesh are the same and they all die. However, one of the questions that linger in the mind of many is what happens to the soul at the time of death. Psalms 89:48 says â€Å"What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? Shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave?† This clearly supports the idea that human souls are also buried like the flesh. â€Å"Sheol† is a Hebre w word meaning grave. Job 33:22 states â€Å"thou hast brought up my soul from the grave thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit†. According to the Hebrews when a human soul goes into the pit hole, it is corrupted or decays. This is an additional evidence that the human soul is the same as the person. The new testament describes the death of Jesus Christ and his soul. Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, unlike other humans Christs did not stay in grave for long to decay instead he resurrected after three days. Acts 2:27 states, â€Å"Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption or decay.† This means that the soul of the Christ or the dead body was in the tomb (grave) which we are told no one had ever been previously buried. When the Christs resurrected his body was not found . This c learly proves that the person and the soul are identical. When an individual is buried it is the person that goes to the grave (the body and the soul). Therefore, when we die our soul also dies. Ecclesiastes 9:10 quotes â€Å" You won’t do anything in the grave, whither thou goest†. This means that when a person is buried in their body (flesh and soul) have no other option but to decay. Psalms 94:17 say â€Å"Unless the lord had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in silence†. This verse explains that were it not for God’s help, even Christ s body could have decayed. Universal Conception of Soul In primordial times, many people believed that the human shadow represented immortal soul. To date, some primitive people still believe in the existence of an immortal soul. For example, the inhabitants of Greenland believed that the human shadow represented a soul that would appear during the day and disappear at night. What is more, some Native Americans clai med that the soul experienced dreams of a sleeping person. As a result, the Natives forbade arousing a sleeping person suddenly because they believed that the soul of a sleeping person took more time to return to the body. On a similar note, it was forbidden to put a mask on the face of a sleeping person. The natives believed that the mask would prevent the soul from identifying the right body. There are various perceptions of the soul. As noted above, some primitive societies believe that humans have several souls distributed in various parts of the body. For instance, illness is often described as soul-loss, which takes place when the evil spirits incarcerate it. According to the teachings of Hinduism, the human soul (also known as Atman) undergoes re-embodiment until it attains sanitization and enters Nirvana. On the other hand, the Koran teaches that â€Å"God breathed the soul into the first human beings, and at death, the souls of the faithful are brought near to God.† On the contrary, Buddhism states that the human soul cannot live after death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Humans Have a Soul? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Misconceptions of Immortal Soul This section discusses reasons why some people deny the existence of an immortal soul. For instance, William Tyndale questioned the existence of an immortal soul by asserting that Jesus and Paul were able to bring back to life dead people. According to Tyndale, it defies logic to resurrect a dead person if his/her soul is already in heaven or hell. Martin Luther also opposed the idea of an immortal soul. According to him, the immortality of the soul is not part of the biblical teaching. Conclusion In a nutshell, God has unlimited powers to grant eternal life to humans. The misleading teachings regarding the intrinsic existence of an immortal soul have inflicted fear and confusion among many people since time immemo rial. The fact is, when a person dies, the soul dies too. This essay on Do Humans Have a Soul? was written and submitted by user Nathan N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays - To Kill A Mockingbird, Calpurnia

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays - To Kill A Mockingbird, Calpurnia To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many centuries. Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of people with differences. Some who are discriminated against are those who are born differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasn't a good enough female role model (p.136). This is a prejudice action, because Calpurnia is as good as a role model as Aunt Alexandra, if not better. Aunt Alexandra is a bigot and doesn't see the character of Calpurnia, just the color of her skin. Another person who is treated like an inferior is Scout by her teacher, because she knew how to read. "She discovered that I was literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. (p.17)." Scout is treated like it is her fault that she knows more than the average child did. She learned earlier than others so she gets punished unjustly. Tom Robinson is also one who is discriminated by a biased community. Tom is found guilty by the jury in his case against the Ewells (p.211). The guilty verdict is a direct result of a racist community. Tom was never given a fair chance in the trial, even though that the evidence was proving him innocent. People that are born differently often get mistreated and are discriminated against. Another group that is treated poorly in the society based on bigotry, are the people who have chosen to be different. One who chose to be different is Dolphus Raymond. He pretended to be drunk so no one gave him any trouble on the way that he lived his life (p.200). The way a person lives should be there own personal business. He has the right to live differently than others if he feels that is the way he wants to live. Another person that lives differently is Boo Radley. Boo stayed inside his house for a number of years without ever coming out to interact with others. He didn't want attention that would come from the rumors that were said about him. Stories were made up about him and he felt it was best for him to stay inside. The people who chose to be different took a risk of being made outcasts of the majority of the society. The final group that was made to feel different was the group that defended and protected the minorities and the wrongfully treated people. Atticus was a good example of one who defended the different by defending Tom Robinson in his case. Atticus had integrity that gave him the strength to endure the ridicule that arose from his decision to defend a black man in a segregated area. Atticus was threatened and his children were treated poorly by their peers, because he had the courage to stand up for the oppressed. Sheriff Tate defends the different when he says, "I never heard tell that it's against the law for a citizen t do his utmost to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did, but maybe you'll say it's my duty to tell the town all about it and not hush it up. (p.276)." Sheriff Tate is trying to protect Boo from the attention that could frighten him. The sheriff is doing the right thing by hiding the truth from the community. By defending the different, people take a chance of being known as strange or inferiors to the rest of the people that they are around. Throughout the story, people that are unlike the majority, get hurt. They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to realize that character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be going at it all wrong.

Leadership in ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership in ethics - Essay Example The only area where ethics and research goes well is in areas where the people involved are professional and consequently have an obligation while carrying out their activities. This change in genes is known as gene-environment contact and is very critical in leadership determination. There are areas where ethics may go wrong or fail to present the results previously expected in a research and the researchers are forced to lie. One of these areas is in the field of science. The field is quite challenging and this is because of the many processes involved. When these scientists find out that they do not have the ability to go through all the processes they end up presenting fraud information that is a non-ethical activity. The corruption is an identification of a genotype that does not have leadership traits (Neve, 2013). Another area where the ethics may fail in research is in the field of catering. Catering is critical in every society and consequently people get to live better lives. Ethics fails in this environment and this is because some people fail to treat their customers in a noble

Student Success Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Success Plan - Essay Example The major purpose of the review is to provide helpful information on the value of the various approaches to parents and teachers so they would be better able to determine which was best for their child/student. In order to affectively ensure that educational pursuits are being taught effectively for the benefit of this young girl, we must provide a plan of action that will enhance her abilities in art and reading yet transfer those abilities toward subjects including mathematics, language, science, social science and music. There have been many studies on the subject of teaching autistic students. Autism is a very complicated disability that affects a child's cognition, perception, speech and motor abilities and so very much more. Seeking other methods for autistic children to express their intelligence has been the goal for many educators. For some with certain disabilities this requires a certain level of motivation. Possessing the ability to structured teaching is the ultimate goal of teaching this autistic girl, especially at the young age of six years. Classrooms must be structured in a specific manner for teachers to effectively teach their autistic students. ... round this young girl's strengths of reading and art would in fact be to the benefit of her educational pursuit, incorporating artistic measures into mathematics, the creation of maps for social sciences, and the use of diagrams which are designed and drawn in artistic formula. Five steps to creating the most effective learning environment and plan for a six year old with autism would require the following: A classroom which is designed to have access to the tools for drawing, painting and other design capacity would in fact be of benefit. Physical organization of the classroom environment is effective in allowing for focused attention on lessons as they are managed. Ensuring the situation in which this student will be fully functional in placement of desks, doors, and bathroom facilities will assure a balanced environment for more enhanced learning experiences. The use of color in the various teaching formats will maintain attention span and allow for focus upon the objectives of the daily lesson. Color, if used effectively, can allow associative capacity, one color for a certain activity, or a certain location in the classroom, such as the bookshelf. The use of scheduling gives a structure to classroom learning utilizing sequential memory and organization of time. Utilizing two levels of scheduling simultaneously will allow for focused individual education along with group activities. Events outlined for the entire classroom that also focus on the time to spend in individual educational pursuits. Utilizing simplified language will facilitate a greater capacity for understanding instruction and communication for both the student and the teacher and the ability to allow autistic students time alone if they need it. Simplified language and the use of pictures to

Compare and contrast two main characters from Don Quioxote and the Essay

Compare and contrast two main characters from Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Story - Essay Example "That is impossible," said Don Quixote: "I say it is impossible that there could be a knight-errant without a lady, because to such it is as natural and proper to be in love as to the heavens to have stars" (Chapter 13). Both protagonists, Don Quixote and Buzz, are men of almost divine tolerance and sympathy, with a feeling for humanity that only a few have possessed and revealed. The main difference between Don Quixote and Buzz lies in their motives which force tem to fight for truth and universal virtue. Love and romance are the main features of Don Quixote while honesty and desire to save the planet from Evil emperor Zurg characterize Buzz. Don Quixote describes his feelings: "when they are in love; and so true is this that there have been knights who have remained two years on rocks, in sunshine and shade and all the inclemencies of heaven" (Chapter 13). Both of the charcaters are on predestined journeys, all striving for what sometimes seemed unobtainable to them and the audience alike. But, wherever the meeting with Roque Guinart took place, Don Quixote remained with him in those craggy solitudes for three days, moving about with the gang and finding matter for observation and wonder. "There's a remedy for everything except death" (Chapter 54). The other difference between these characters is pessimism of Don Quixote and bravery of Buzz. Don Quixote con tribution to the pessimism which characterizes so much of the important writing was to probe the inner recesses of human behavior to see by what instincts people are governed. Sancho describes their journey with Don Quixote "We squires to knights-errant have to bear a great deal of hunger and hard fortune, and even other things more easily felt than told" (Chapter 31). Don Quixote proposes a view of man's essential nature which one might more normally expect to find argued in a philosophical treatise. Indeed, if the reader feels sometimes that the plotting of this hero is too schematic and relentless, this may be because Buzz are more concerned to demonstrate his theory about the incipient self-centeredness of the human species than to explore the psychology of individual characters. Another similarity can be found between Woody and Sancho Panza. Both of them play secondary roles and depicted as the common man. Using these characters, authors unveil thoughts and actions of the protagonists their inspirations and self-esteem. Both of these characters support protagonists and their actions remain independent doers of their destinies. "Senor," replied Sancho, "is it a good rule of chivalry that we should go astray through these mountains without path or road, looking for a madman who when he is found will perhaps take a fancy to finish what he began" (Chapter 25). The main difference between these characters is that Sancho-Don Quixote relations are based on master-men relations while Woody and Buzz are enemies. Don Quixote describes Sancho "Sancho, my friend, night is drawing on upon us as we go, and more darkly than will allow us to reach" (Chapter 8). In contrast to Woody, the main feature is that Sancho exhibits the remarkable prevalence of humanism in a movement that claimed to promote peace and love. He is fascinated about Don Quixote. "And what greater misfortune can

Introduction Of Merger And Acquisition Management Essay

Introduction Of Merger And Acquisition Management Essay Acquisition- In this purchases of one company by another in which no new company is formed. The acquisition process is very complex and various studies shows that only 50% acquisition is successful. Governing low- The company act 1956 thus not define the term merger or amalgamation. It deals with schemes of merger or which acquisition are gives in s. 390.394 A,395 , 396 and 396 A. Classification of merger :- Horizontal Merger Vertical merger Market extension merger Product extension merger Conglomeration Congeneric merger Purchase merger Consolidation merger Accretive merger Dilutive merger HP AND COMPAC MERGER Introduction of HP :- It all began in the year 1928 when two electrical engeerning gradutate from standard university called willam Hewlett and David Packard strated their business in a garage in palo alto. In a year time the Hewlett Packard was made and by the year 1947, HP was incorporated. Hp enterprise business formly called TSG is the largest business segment of HP, according for 36% of HPs 2007 revenue , providind service, storage, software and information technology services that enables. The product and services from this organization serve HPbusiness of all sizes in more than 170 countries. Organizational Structure :- HPs operations are organized into seven business segment Enterprise storage and servers (ESS) HP procurve HP services HP software and solutions Personal systems group (PSG) Imaging and printing Group(PSG) HP financial services (HPFS) Corporate Investments. The three business segment ESS , HPS and HP software solution are structured beneath the broader Enterprise Business (EB) group in order to capitalize selling cross selling opportunities and give a solution sale approach across the HP enterprises offering. INTRODUCTION OF COMPAQ Copaq computer corporation is the worlds largest supplier of personal computers and as a result of its acquisition of Digital Equipment Corporation in 1998, is the second largest computer firm in the world . The company was formed by two senior managers at Taxes Instrument. The company had come from Compatibility Quality. Position Of HP before Merger. Stocks gradually rase a peak of $74.48 after Fiorina was hired from their value of $ 54.43 the day before she had joined HP, meeting growth targets proved difficult as both the company and industry stabled As a result HP was forced to cut the jobs to ask employees to take unpaid leave. By September 2001, stock value had fallen to less than half of its level when fiorina was hired . so she decided to merge with Compaq. At that time Compaq in a stock transaction is net worth was 2 millio. And positon of Compaq is too good revenue increase. They do merge only for expansion the company. Main reason of Merger To compete with IBM and other companies The combined service business will have 65000 service professionals is 100000 plus for IBM Reduce cost Bolster stock Main aim of merger The main aim of the merger was to enhance the market competition. The newly formed company would be bigger than HP The combined effort would result in a big computer and software services business. The new company would definitely help the management to increase the number of customer in IT sector. HP wanted to enhance their market of computer hardware product. Problem of Merger The merger totally opposed by both the companies. The investment and the other stakeholders though at the company would never be able to have the loyalty of the Compaq customers, if products are sold with HP logo on it. Synchorization of organizations member with each other. Change in the organization which are not accepted by the employees. These are the main problem which come first after merger. The CEO of HP , Fiorina justified that merger by following point: Merger would remove serious competitor in the over supplied PC market of those days The market share of the company is bound to increase with merge. The working unit would double These points helps to unfreezing the employee. Advantages of merger Large the market share in the market and units of production also double. Compete IBM Both the companies would decrease as the internal costs on promotion, marketing and shipping would come down with the merger. New techniques or technology develop Company requires being consistent with creativity, improvement and modification. Advantages to the shareholder are as follow Unique opportunity Stronger company Compelling company Ability to execute Transaction summery Structure stock for stock merger Exchange ratio 0.6325 of HP share per Compaq share Current value approx $25 billion Ownership HP share holder 64% Compaq shareholder 36% Accounting Purchase Expected closing First half of 2002 Burke Litwin Model. BURKE LITWIN MODLE This is second order change. Its a big change for the companies. And all the features of second order change are used in this merger Transformation :- this merger is done on discounting bases. Both the company combine and form a new vision, new name , polices, culture procedure all changes. Redical overhaul :- Everything is change in one time so it si redical overhaul. Revalutionery :- Fiorna CEO of HP come with massive change she is one who ask about merger so, she come with massive cahnge So all features are cover under this merger so, according to me its second order change. In this Merger Transformational Leader is Carly Fiorno CEO of HP company Fiorno announced HPS plan to aquire the Compaq in stock transaction valued at $ 25 billion idea for the merger with Compaq a Houston bas maker founded in 1982 had grow out of a phone conversion between Fiorina and Compaq chairman CEO Michal Capellas IN JUNE 2001. By the first week of September, the merger had been approved boards at both companies. KURT- LEWIN MODEL This model include three points: Unfreezing Movement Refreezing Unfreezing:- for doing unfreezing both the companies firstly establish a sense of unrgency in the organization. Than analyze the organizational change need. So doing unfreezing CEO of HP explain that the need of change that what the company condition and its important for the company to make a change and also introduce what the aim behind the merger as I discusse above.. we can say what the desired state companies want the people of HP and Compaq see the gap what exists and what will exist. Than the people move to reduce the gap and achieved the desiered change. So that in this way both the companies do unfreezing. Movement :- The second step is movement. HP and Compaq really helped their employees and other member for accepting the change and new culture which formed by those two companies. They ask all the advantage of merger to their employees. So that it is easy for employees to move from their position. Employees see the advantages and accept the change and move further. Refreezing :- the third step but not the least is refreezing. So to give again same level of comfort to employees Fiorno arranged the meeting with investor or employee. Give more information regarding the merger. And also given more information to employees that now company will help in future. In meeting she said this company has never been about looking in the real view mirror . But Fiorina strat are as fallow : Tried to change the culture in HP Autocratic management A centralized Approach So, new CEO was Mark Huld come and he take following step. Educating the HP employees and manager to make them for talented. Exploting the possibilities of the merger Took inintaitives to cut down cost and layoff employees. CONCLUSION According this merger is right and good for economy. Basically this merger is need of HP. Fiorina knows that without taking this merger HP faces so many problem. So a very good step and make it possible. In strating she faced problems but afterwards she solved all the problems. But some of their strategies are not good and she resigned in 2005 and new CEO come Mark Hurd taken good step for HP. So in the end conclude this merger faces many up and down. But in the end it successful. And this merger is good for the world. 2ND PART PROCTER GAMBLE P G is American multinational corporation headquatered in downtown , in cin cinnan, quio U.S which manufacturs a wide range of consumer goods . P G was founded by William procter and james ganble in 1837. It is 6th in fortune most advired companies 2010 list. Bob MC Donalds is current CEO and president for the same. Vision of proctor gamble- vision of P G unifies them in common cause and growth strategy of improving more consumers lives in small but meaningful ways each day. It inspires P G people to make posture contribution everyday. Consumer products offered by PG are in areas of pharmaceutical , cleaning supplies, personal care and pet supplies. GILLETTE COMPANTY Gillette is a brand of proctor gamble currently used for safety razors , among other peesaral hygiene products. Based in Boston. It was one od several brands originally owned by Gillette company, a various brands which was acquired by P G in 2005. Their slogan is the best a man can get. The original Gillette in 1995 as a safety razor manufactures. Old Gillette products now Gillette products Disposable blade razor (1902) Trac ii (2 blade razor) Super speed model TT design (1997) trac plus (lubricating razor) Adjustable razor (1958) atra plus Sensored (spring locaded blaids sensor encec sensor 3 MERGER DETAILS On october 1st 2005 , portor gamble finaly purchased the Gillette which resulted merger between the 2 . this merger grateddue would largest personal care and household products campany. intially Gillette company assets were incarnated into a P G linit known internally as global Gillette, in july 2007 Global gillete was discounted and incorporated into proctor gambles Other two main divisions, proctor gamble beauty and procure care. Gillette brand and products were divided between the two accordingly. Merger was financed by 60% of stock and 40% cash cash and P G accured gittelles for US $ 57 billion in stock. -after acquisition Gillette CEO James Kilts became vice -chairmar. 6000 employees were eliminated and given pinkslips which reduced overlapping management positions. PROFILE (POSITION BEFORE MERGER) gillette brand basically caters safety razors in the market. before due merger gillette products razors are not so technological savvy. And an comparatively enterprise with that of other companies. Due to companion company market declined to an intent. Which forced CEO of Gillette to merger with a high profile company like PG to gain good market share in market. PROCTOR GNABLE is a highly profiled company and ranked 79th in fortune global 500 list of world largest compnies . ti basically involved in consumer good services and previsouly also acquired source of the companies. Main reasons for merger- To compete with other companies in the developing countries. The combined companies introduced new innovative products and product line got increased. To gain high market growth. Complementary goods were introduced like PG given their hand in sharing products to complement safety razors etc. This merger is a friendly merger just to grow business. MAIN AIM OF MERGER- the always to enhance the market share of the company and to compete with the competitors. As 2 companies combine will be more satisfying than one alone. PROBLEM FACED WITH MERGER -basically less problem were faced during the merger taken place because the merger is friendly merger between two companies. But initially when the merger news where announced many employees were shocked as companies are good in profits. Some talented employees left their jobs as they not want to work in merged company and many worker were lay-offed . But still company is very cooperative with their employees and given them proper training for the merger. some employees were not adapted the new culture of organization for this proper counseling is imparted to them for easy adaption. KURT -LEWIN MODEL APPLICATION Kurt lewin proposed three stage in change management programmer. Unfreezing (preparing ourselves, other to change) Movement (transition stage) Refreezing (freezing the new change) In case of PG and Gillette merger following stage occurred as follows. It was basically the decision of CEO of Gillette that two companies were will established and project making companies so it come as a shock to all the people when the merger of two companies was announced. Unfreezing stage To carry out this merger successfully a term was made to carry smooth integration which contain employees from various financial areas experienced personnel. A thought due divergence was done before any step was taken for merger of these companies. This special term selected employees (talented) from different departments of Gillette which PG wanted to retain. During this some employees were commenced with the idea of merger some left due job. To filldue gap due company does internal recruitment also based on enterprises of employees. Some valuable employees were not ready to join due merger company so several special packages were given to them. HR managers also worked very well in boosting due morale of employees. I this stage Gillette ensured that each stage the employees were kept informed , they were timely giving due updates and told them due steps clearly the organization is taking for future growth of employees as well as company. Driving forces re-straining forces Faster sales growth and cost saving Several new packages Opportunities for more innovation Dedicated team Capacity addition Merger PG Gillette Leak of news by press and resulting stock fear Difference in organizational structure Job insecurity and layoffs The driving force are so powerful that they overcome restarting force in this merger. MOVEMENT STAGE- Most of the employees were counted as due employees trusted due management a lot. They are confident that management would keep the best interest of the employees in mind. -Training programme- one day session was provided to existing employees from Gillette who joined the merged company. CAREER PLANING-Gillette globally signed a contract with right management consultant to provide career transaction service. In India this project was handled by grow talent. COUNCELING- The leaders born at corporate and institutional head provided tremendous help to their teams, Internal mentors were appointed to guide implies to make right career choice and in dealing with anxiety, handling new friends and family. EMOTIONAL SUPPORT- By helping them to manage change of new job news of family and friends with new colleagues. INTERACTUAL SUPPORT- Preparing employees for improving their marketability salary negotiation and interviews etc . LANDING SUPPORT- By analyzing strengths and skills of employees to determine career decisions, interpersonal skills, time management skill, organizational skills this training is given to every employee of Gillette whether he stayed in the organization or laid off. Due to this career transition supported and enabled employees to face the job market at least 90% of the employees who were being laid off got an offer even before they had left the company. FREEZING:- the employees adapted this change as the company was very cooperative with them. Even people who lay off also got settled down. For this strategic transition Gillette got DMA Erewon innovation award in 2006 also. This deal created by the CEOS created a win- win situation for all stake holders and set a fine example in todays dynamic business environment preparing HR people for taking challenges. BRUKE LEWIN MODEL APPLICATION:- This merger between the two companies P G and Gillette is a second order change with this merger the structure of two companies changed drastically as it is a radical change.. TRANSFORMATION:- due this merger PG AND Gillette transformed as policy, culture and produced all change. REVOLUTIONARY: CEO of Gillette wanted this merger they took the just step of merger between the two for growth and developing country. SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF MERGER: this merger was a grand success because more than a merger its a friendly move by both companies. As it beneficiate both the company due market after the merger increased. In this merger basically innovation was focused rather than scale. It is unique case of acquisition where in innovative company expanded it product line by acquiring another innovative company. It was described as a perfect marriage by some analyst. CEO of PG AG lafley thinks it necessary to overtake close companies especially in developing countries so he acquired Gillette and expanded its product line by adding some shaving products. After this merger the market share of both companies increased tremendously. CONCLUSION:- Merger of PG and Gillette acted as a boom for Gillette as we can see from figure Gillette market share raised up by 71.1% the merger is a perfect marriage of companies which contributed growth, innovations in the product line of the same. Through initially the changes are structured distributed the companies employees but afterwards it benefitted the companies a lot. And market share increased highly after the merger took place. 3RD PART ORGANISATION PROFILE HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LIMITED Hindalco Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, is structured into two strategic businesses aluminium and copper with annual revenue of US $14 billion and a market capitalization in excess of US $ 23 billion. Hindalco commenced its operations in 1962 with an aluminium facility at Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh. Birla Copper, Hindalcos copper division is situated in Dahej in the Bharuch district of Gujarat. Established in 1958, Hindalco commissioned its aluminium facility at Renukoot in eastern U.P. in 1962 and has today grown to become the countrys largest integrated aluminum producer and ranks among the top quartile of low cost producers in the world. The aluminium divisions product range includes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium ingots, billets, wire rods, rolled products, extrusions, foils and alloy wheels. It enjoys a domestic market share of 42 per cent in primary aluminium, 63 per cent in rolled products, 20 per cent in extrusions, 44 per cent in foils and 31 per cent in wheels. Hindalco has launched several brands in recent years, namely Aura for alloy wheels, Freshwrapp for kitchen foil and ever last for roofing sheets. The copper plant produces copper cathodes, continuous cast copper rods and precious metals like gold, silver and platinum group metal mix. sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, di-ammonium phosphate, other phosphatic fertilisers and phospho-gypsum are also produced at this plant. Hindalco Industries Limited has a 51.0% shareholding in Aditya Birla Minerals which has mining and exploration activities focused in Australia. The company has two RD centres at Belgaum, Karnataka and Taloja, Maharashtra. They have been recognized by the Government of Indias Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). [Exhibit 1] Year over year, Hindalco Industries Ltd. has been able to grow revenues from 121.2B to 193.2B. Most impressively, the company has been able to reduce the percentage of sales devoted to selling, general and administrative costs from 4.15% to 2.96%. This was a driver that led to a bottom line growth from 15.8B to 26.9B. NOVELIS Novelis is the world leader in aluminium rolling, producing an estimated 19 percent of the worlds flat-rolled aluminium products. Novelis is the world leader in the recycling of used aluminium beverage cans. The company recycles more than 35 billion used beverage cans annually. The company is No. 1 rolled products producer in Europe, South America and Asia, and the No. 2 producer in North America. With industry-leading assets and technology, the company produces the highest-quality aluminium sheet and foil products for customers in high -value markets including automotive, transportation, packaging, construction and printing. Our customers include major brands such as Agfa -Gevaert, Alcan, Anheuser-Busch, Ball, Coca-Cola, Crown Cork Seal, Daching Holdings, Ford, General Motors, Lotte Aluminium, Kodak, Pactiv, Rexam, Ryerson Tull, Tetra Pak, ThyssenKrupp and others. Novelis represents a unique combination of the new and the 5 old. Novelis is a new company, formed in January 2005, with a new velocity, a new philosophy and a new attitude. But Novelis is also a spin-off from Alcan and, as such, draws on a rich 90-year history in the aluminium rolled product marketplace . Novelis has a diversified product portfolio, which serves to the different set of industries vis-Ã  -vis it has a very strong geographical presences in four continents. POSITION OF NOVELIS BEFORE AQUISITION Novelis was always a problem child. It was born in early 2005 as a result of a forced spin-off from its parent, the $ 23.6-billion aluminium giant and Canada-based Alcan. In 2003, Alcan won a hostile offer to wed French aluminium company Pechiney. But the marriage produced an unwanted child Novelis. Both Alcan and Pechiney had bauxite mines, facilities to produce primary aluminium, and rolling mills to turn the raw metal into products such as stock for Pepsi and Coke cans and automotive parts. But the US and European anti-trust proceedings ruled that the rolled products business of either Alcan or Pechiney had to be divested from the merged entity. Alcan cast out its rolled products business to form Novelis. It is now the worlds leading producer of aluminium-rolled products with a 19 per cent global market share. But in the spin-off process, Novelis ended up inheriting a debt mountain of almost $2.9 billion on a capital base of less than $500 million. That was just the beginning of its troubles.The situation is worse now. Though it marginally reduced debt, it made some losses too. On a net worth of $322 million, Novelis has a debt of $2.33 billion (most of it high cost). Thats a debt-equity ratio of 7.23:1. Soon, the unwanted child stumbled into another crisis. Novelis has a simple business model. It buys primary aluminium, processes it into rolled products like stock for soft drink cans, automotive parts, etc., and sells it to customers such as Coke and Ford. But the management took a wrong call on aluminium prices. In a bid to win more business from soft drink manufacturers, it promised four customers not to increase product prices even if raw material aluminium prices went up beyond a point. A few months after Novelis signed those contracts, aluminium prices shot up 39 per cent (between 30 September 2005 and 2006). To these four customers, Novelis was forced to sell its products at prices that were lower than raw material costs. These four account for 20 per cent of Noveliss $9-billion revenues. But the managements wrong judgement led to losses of $350 million (in 2006). For long, Noveliss former CFO Geoffrey P. Batt, former controller Jo-Ann Longworth and the finance team didnt quantify these losses. After the complicated spin-off from Alcan this involved extensive operations in over 35 plants in 11 countries and four continents the finance team also struggled to file quarterly and annual results on time. Many of the numbers it managed to file on time were wrong and were later re-stated. The board stepped in. First, it replaced its CFO and controller (in December 2005). When that didnt help much, it replaced CEO Brian W. Sturgell in August 2006. (It is still looking for a full-time CEO.) There are many more reasons for the distress in Novelis. NEED OF THE CHANGE Post acquisitions, the company will get a strong global footprint. After full integration, the joint entity will become insulated from the fluctuation of LME Aluminium prices. The deal will give Hindalco a strong presence in recycling of aluminium business because as per aluminium characteristic, aluminium is infinitely recyclable and recycling it requires only 5% of the energy needed to produce primary aluminium. Novelis has a very strong technology for value added products and its latest technology Novelis Fusion is very unique one and it would have taken a minimum 8-10 years to Hindalco for building these facilities, if Hindalco takes organically route. As per company details, the replacement value of the Novelis is US $12 billion, so considering the time required and replacement value; the deal is worth for Hindalco. SUCCESS OF MERGER Hindalco has undertaken aggressive plans to increase its capacities through capacity expansion as well as by setting up greenfield plants. Hindalco increased its capacity at Hirakud plant by 35,000 tonnes to one lakh tonne. When Hindalco completes its entire project, smelting capacity has increase by about 10 lakh tonnes. Along with smelting capacities, the companies are expanding alumina capacities and setting up captive power plants. Domestic alumina capacity is set to increase by 9.5 million tonnes when all the outstanding projects are completed. In 2007 about 1.23 million tonnes of capacity has come on stream, catapulting aggregate capacity to 4.23 million tonnes. Large alumina capacities have not only feed captive aluminium smelters, but also leave surplus alumina to be exported to lucrative markets like China. Currently Hindalcos production is tied up with clients. Also Novelis has similar contracts with its suppliers. But after 3-4 years it would start the operation of new pla nts. Then it can source excess capacity to the Novelis plants located in south East Asian countries. The merger looks not bad if the current financial valuations are ignored. Also we need to keep in mind that Hindalco is a very aggressively growing company, for it to build infrastructure that can match Novelis is very difficult. PROBLEM FACED BY THE ORGANISATION WHILE MANAGING THE CHANGE Buy- in and commitment from stakeholder: It is not only the C-level management which has to buy-in to the globalization change but staff at all levels. In the aquisiton between Hindalco lmt. And Novelis the people were involved in the operation for off shoring that do not buy into the initiative and influence other team members, creating waves of resistance. It became critical to have a high degree of commitment from leaders and managers to effectively communicate the needs to the off shore. Employee resistance: Any change is bound to attract resistance especially in merger between Hindalco and Novelis because of the politicized negative publicity and hence had a direct impact on the employee productivity. Complacement workforce: The workforce of Hindalco lmt were comfortable and complacement about productivity and customer service cost and therefore resisted to change. KURT LEWIN MODEL Unfreezing: The Unfreezing stage is probably one of the more important stages to understand in the world of change we live in today. This stage is about getting ready to change. It involves getting to a point of understanding that change is necessary and getting ready to move away from our current comfort zone. In this case, both the companies were ready to merge with each other and hence a change was going to be held in both the organization. Novelis is the world leader in aluminium rolling, producing an estimated 19 percent of the worlds flat-rolled aluminium products. Novelis is the world leader in the recycling of used aluminium beverage cans. With industry-leading assets and technology, the company produces the highest-quality aluminium sheet and foil products for customers in high -value markets including automotive, transportation, packaging, construction and printing. But Novelis has always suffered a lot of losses. Hence it needed change its system otherwise it would have to pack up from the market. Hindalco lmt.businesses aluminium and copper with annual revenue of US $14 billion and a market capitalization in excess of US $ 23 billion. It was ready to aquire Novelis because it had a high quality aluminium sheets and even had high technology but the company was going into losses. Therefore, the company had an opportunity to acquire the company and was ready to change and therefore it was following the unfreezing step of kurt lewin model. Change/Transition: Kurt Lewin was aware that change is not an event, but rather a process. He called that process a transition. Transition is the inner movement or journey we make in reaction to a change. This second stage occurs as we make the changes that are needed. People are unfrozen and moving towards a new way of being. In this case as both the companies Hindalco and Novelis were merged together. While the process of Acquisition both the companies had faced a lot of problems. The employees of Novelis showed resistance towards change in the working condition as per the working model of Hindalco lmt. Refreezing In this process simply, when employees minds move from Novelis to Hindalco lmt. then in this case Novelis have done the refreeze procees with employees because this time 2 different people come in one organization for work together that is why Novelis will have to definitately give some compensations, growth plans to their existing employees for

Baldwins Fire Next Time :: Baldwin Fire Next Time Essays

Baldwin's Fire Next Time We always say "Love conquers all" is commonly said and heard in our daily lives. Ironically, this is necessarily not true as James Baldwin views our society. He illustrates the stereotypes of both Blacks and Whites. In his argumentative autobiography, The Fire Next Time, the author brilliantly perceives the idea that love, instead of fear, liberates society. To truly "liberate" society, one must discover his/her individual and personal identity by learning to love. Baldwin describes "fear" to be ignorance, and "love" as knowledge. He joined the congressional church due to fear. He was afraid to become involved with his friends who began to drink and smoke. To avoid such situations, Baldwin was driven into the church because he "supposed that God and safety were synonymous." (16) Timidity blinded him to believe that following God's words shielded him from the evils of society. However, because of Baldwin's love for his church, he reads the Bible, only to realize that was strictly about the teachings of White people. He thought that going to the church will protect him, and shield him against what he feared. Instead of freeing the community from discrimination between Blacks and Whites, the Bible supported the existence of racial barriers by teaching one should behave. Realizing the hypprocarcy involved with Christianity, the author broke away from the congressional church, to search his own way of liberating the society. Baldwin emphasizes that liberation is love, and "love is more important than color." (71) The author states that fear creates the need for power. The Nation of Islam was fearful of the Whites dominating over the Blacks. Fear always dominated the minds of black people. This fear caused Elijah to strive for power to liberate the community. The Nation of Islam wanted absolute control of the White society. Baldwin was given the opportunity to become an influential figure in the Nation of Islam movement, he rejected Elijah Muhammed's offer. He was totally against the belief that the movement held. Baldwin says, "love takes off the masks that we fear we cannot live without and we know we cannot live within." (95) Whites cannot love because they fear "to be judged by those who are not white.". Because Blacks are stereotyped to be "uncivilized", whites have the "private fears to be projected onto the Negro." (96) Fear only promotes further racism, and the labyrinth of attitudes. He states that the problem with racial oppression will never be resolved unless the white man gives up his power. Baldwin states that "mirrors can only lie," because they only reflect the surface of people instead of revealing the deep truth.

Athletic Leadership Development Program Essay

There is great need to develop effective athletic management programs in high schools. Apart from the fact that students derive direct benefit from such programs, it is also a good training resource since today’s high school athletes will eventually take shape as tomorrow’s sports leaders as coaches, trainers, athletic administrators, sports physicians, sports psychologists and other capacities (Lanasa, Ciletti & Lackman, 2005). High school is a very important stage in which students prepare for the future by getting a good education, making friends and participate in other activities such as athletics. It is unfortunate, that many schools have adopted budget cuts that under provide for sports, taking the opinion that money would be better spent on academics. Though it is right that academics come first, sacrificing high school sports is dangerous to the students’ high school experience as it affects their ability to perform at optimum academic levels (Amorose & Horn, 2000). Sports are also an important component that helps students develop into well-rounded adults who give full benefits to the country at large. INTRODUCTION This paper will carry out a literature review to illustrate how a School Athletic Leadership Plan works to give students full benefits. In extension, the school as an institution also derives high levels of achievement and satisfaction from the same. It will show how students with an interest in the field of training and treatment of athletes can effectively be prepared by the school athletic training programs. They are a perfect opportunity of gaining college and career preparation. These programs give an appropriate opportunity to the attainment of information, certification, scholarships and networking for students (MacGregor, 2005). HOW TO DEVELOP A LEADERSHIP PROGRAM This section will evaluate the leadership program adopted by Wheeler High School in Indiana. It presents a situation that is appropriate to most high schools where there are potentially good players but their hopes and targets fail to materialize due to lack of a well organized sports framework and leadership in the school. On evaluation of the progress and areas that need change, Snodgrass notes that the foremost problem was the lack of player leadership in the students’ teams coupled with the lack of senior talent (2005). Borrowing from the plan adopted by this school, this paper will give guidelines on how a school athletic leadership plan can be developed. Structure of the program An effective leadership program should start by identifying players that can participate in the plan. For starters, the first class could be made up of six senior and two junior students who would meet weekly for two to three hours over a ten week period (Snodgrass, 2005). In this period, they would they would participate in the curriculum by carrying out the following; Interaction They are expected to visit and spend one or two hours in the curriculum each night (Snodgrass, 2005). From this interaction, the head of the plan identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the selected team by observing how they interact and how committed they are. This is the stage at which the leaders and those with skills valuable to the plan are identified. As they share ideas, hopes and aspirations, this pilot group can come up with an excellent blueprint of the plan since they are better positioned to know what would work with their fellow student athletes and what would not. Activities strengthening core values The activities that strengthen core values are important as they set the plan in motion with the rest of the student athletes. The pilot group of eight should each be assigned a group of student with which they carry out these activities. This could occur in class for discussions and after knowing each other, the group members should engage in out of class activities. Group leaders are expected to call incoming players and engage with them with an aim of getting to know them intimately (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This is a very important step as the group leaders get in a position to identify strengths and weaknesses that might be hidden from the coaches and teachers. This enables the teams to avoid failures that commonly arise from the lack of proper understanding within the team. Leadership in youth camps The eight members of the pilot team should serve as counselor at the summer youth camp. They are expected to take up roles such as teaching a position, coaching the team in flag football, running the punt-pass-kick contest etc (Young & Edmonson, 2010). It should involve activities such as story narrations to emphasize the importance of team playing. The plan should be sure to implement a youth summer camp. The Handbook of Organizational Consulting Psychology underscores the importance of such camps in the development of leadership plans. It is from such camps that the members emerge as a team understanding each other, with strong leadership and ready to work together (Fiedler, 2002). The above activities lay the foundation on which the plan can be built upon. After getting the required individuals to spearhead the program and the necessary team sprit, the plan can proceed into the next step in which it formally assembles the best ideas and strategies for the leadership program in form of a blueprint discussed in the following section. PLANNING THE BLUEPRINT Snodgrass defines a blueprint as the process of designing a leadership program in any field from start to finish (2005). It guides the implementation of the whole process and it gives guidelines on how to check progress and success levels. This paper will provide a blueprint that is divided into steps as follows; Step 1: Assembling the planning team According to the program adopted by the Leigh University for the summer of 2007, the planning team should comprise all the key stakeholders to build a program that is acceptable campus wide (Fiedler, 2002). It is imperative to ensure that all individual stakeholders understand the importance of athletics in the life of the students. Teachers and other members of staff should be ready to sacrifice some academic hours in order to bring the plan into track. In this university, the team consisted of coaches from the Athletic Department, administrators and student-athletes as well as staff from the Dean of Student’s Office to attain a healthy balance (Young & Edmonson, 2010). They should meet weekly to discuss the rest of the steps in the blueprint. Step 2: Conducting a leadership audit â€Å"The leadership audit is a systematic assessment of leadership development opportunities at the institution and beyond. A complete audit includes both internal and external reviews and inventories all leadership opportunities† (Lanasa, Ciletti & Lackman, 2005). Internal audit: The information from this audit should find out whether there are other leadership initiatives on campus in which student-athletes can participate (). Fiddler finds that often these programs are not designed to directly increase the value of the student’s leadership and do not fundamentally impact Athletics as a whole(Amorose & Horn, 2000). There should be goal setting and skill building workshops that are conducive to the unique schedules of student-athletes and athletics department staff. External audit: This involves researching specific leadership opportunities at other institutions. This should particularly look for leadership development programs and delivery options within other institutions (Robinson & Skinner, 2008). It can be done in neighboring schools that have highly successful leadership development programs to identify crucial aspects that can be adopted. It can also be done online or from other literature on the issue to set good standards for a comprehensive plan. Step 3: Identification of an anchor The anchor is another crucial aspect of the plan that should be in place. Young and Edmonson define it as the â€Å"existing institutional purpose, outreach or reason that makes the program’s efforts essential and justifies the investment of time, energy and resources to support the effort (2010). It helps in the acceptance of the plan since it does not appear as something totally alien. For instance the mission statement of Lehigh University is; â€Å"To advance learning through the integration of teaching, research, and service to others† (Young and Edmonson, 2010). To be in tandem with the school’s mission statement, the Lehigh Athletics Mission Statement could be made to capture that of the institute, e. g. â€Å"Our mission in the Lehigh Athletics Department is to advance learning to develop leadership, and to foster personal growth through comprehensive athletics programming. † (Young and Edmonson, 2010). This way, the plan manages to entrench itself within existing institutional goals and hence all stakeholders can comfortably identify with it and work towards its implementation. As such, teachers for instance would drop their hard line stance towards the plan as they feel it helps in academics. Step 4: Determining the scope The scope is the extent of the leadership experience which encompasses aspects such as how deep the program will be embedded in institutional culture and the programmatic mission and learning objectives (Robinson & Skinner, 2008). The scope should be connected to the vision, mission, and learning outcomes of the school’s sports department. Vision: the plan should be aimed at cultivating a culture of leadership which encourages self-awareness, commitment to team playing, and emphasis on values and actions that enhance a good athletic experience. (Amorose & Horn, 2000) Mission: the sports department should use the plan to complement and support the larger missions of the institution as a whole. This can be achieved with the use of the transformational leadership theory that enhances student’s leadership skills and understanding (Fiedler, 2002). It should accomplish a sense of community among al stakeholders focusing on the value of positive leadership. Learning outcomes: these are the benefits that the students should derive from participating in the Athletic Leadership Program. Firstly, they enhance their knowledge of basic leadership skills and principles. Others are interpersonal skills, integrity, peer motivation, self awareness and the value of diversity in every situation (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This will enhance their wellbeing in every field of life in school and beyond. Step 5: Shaping the philosophy A philosophy is important in shaping an appropriate vision, mission and goals for a comprehensive Athletic Leadership Program. Robison and Skinner put forward two examples of philosophy that can be used to achieve this end. They do so by addressing the unique needs of student-athletes, teams and coaches (2008). The Transformational Leadership Theory is the primary philosophy in which the program is embedded. â€Å"It describes a course of action where both leaders and participants engage in a mutual, ongoing process of raising one another to higher levels of motivation, moral reasoning, and self-consciousness† (Robinson & Skinner, 2008). This encourages collaboration and interdependence within participants by appealing to social and community focused values. Principle-Centered Leadership Theory: this theory is based on principle based leadership. Leaders are required to center their practices in natural based practices. Their values can only be effective if they remain true to these guiding principles, which are identified as; â€Å"continually learning, service-oriented, radiate positive energy, believe in other people, lead balanced lives, see life as an adventure, are synergistic, and exercise for self-renewal† (Robinson & Skinner, 2008). Step 6: Selecting delivery framework These are the strategies and individuals to be used for teaching participants about leadership. This includes positional leaders and emerging ones. Positional leaders include coaches and captains who are directly responsible of development of athleticism in individual-student athletes which will ultimately lead them to winning championships (Fiedler, 2002). Emerging leaders include students joining the program and those who have been it for a while and want to further their leadership skills. This way, the plan ensures that it has a never ending supply of talent and new leadership, i. e. it is sustainable. Step 7: Select Assessment and Evaluation Strategies This step ensures that intentional assessment and evaluation tools will are available. It is recommended that the implementation of the blueprint is assessed after the first full year of implementation. The tools to be used for this assessment may include â€Å"focus groups, student-athlete exit interviews, pre- and post-surveys, student-athlete post-season evaluations, etc† (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This process is meant to explore needs, outcomes and satisfaction derived from the plan. CONCLUSION A School Athletic Leadership Plan like the one outlined above will go a long way in accomplishing a varied range of needs in the school. It clearly shows the need to implement an effective plan from which students can derive numerous benefits. The step by step process is imperative in creating a leadership program which is self sustaining and which is deeply rooted in the institutional goals and vision. This ensures that it is embraced by all. REFERENCES Amorose, A. J, and Horn T. S (2000). Intrinsic Motivation: relationship with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 22(1), 63 – 84. Fiedler, F. E (2002). Proactive ways to improve leadership performance. Handbook of organizational consulting psychology, 76 – 105, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Lanasa, J. , Ciletti, D. and Lackman, R. (2005). Designing a Model for Improved Outcomes Among Students- Athletes in Sports Education. Left Coast Press. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010 MacGregor, G. M. (2005). Designing Student Leadership Programs: Transforming the Leadership Potential of Youth. Youthleadership. com Robison, T. I and Skinner, T. (2008). The Athlete and the Grade Change. Cases in Educational Leadership. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010 Snodgrass, S. (2005). Building a high school leadership program. Gale, Cengage Learning. University of Wisconsin. (2007). A Grounded Theory Of High Quality Leadership Programs: Perspectives From Student Leadership Development Programs In Higher Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Young, J. and Edmonson, S. (2010). High School Athletic Directors and Educational Leadership Traits: A Conceptual Analysis of the Literature. Retrieved, 6th August, 20 10

Tips for Writing Scientific Papers

Tips for Writing Scientific Papers Among editors, I have the distinct advantage of having had a long, highly successful career as a scientific researcher, and having served as an editor and reviewer for several, high-profile scientific journals. I can tell you that there is no way to ensure, with one hundred percent certainty, that your paper is going to be accepted by any given journal.Having said this, I also must tell you that, in my career, I only have had one scientific paper which I failed to have published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. In other words, it is important for you to realize that scientific journals WANT to publish good research. If your study has been well designed and orchestrated, irrespective of a positive or negative result, it is publishable. It is critical, therefore, not to let improper editing prevent you from having your papers accepted. What follows are a few tips, which stem from what I look for when reviewing a paper. You never know, one day I may be reviewing yours.Let me start with some very basic writing tips.While you, yourself, are editing your paper, read it out loud. This is something I always do and find extremely helpful.Never rush to submit a paper. Set yourself a pre-target date to have the paper written and edited, then let it sit a few days. Then pick it up and read it again. You will be surprised what changes you will think of.Never write and edit a paper without feedback from others. No matter how accomplished a writer you are, you are human. You cannot possibly think of everything that a group of reviewers will want to see. Nor can most writers pick up every potentially awkward phrase or sentence, every misspelling (even with spell checks, similar sounding words like there, their and there invariably become confused. I suggest that you have at least one other scientist in your field read your paper and one other scientist outside your immediate field read it. Why someone outside your field? Just remember that, quite possibly, at least one p erson reviewing your paper for the journal will have expertise somewhat distant from your own; if that reviewer cannot understand your writing, you may be sunk. Finally, I strongly suggest that you have a professional editor or another very meticulous writer read and edit it.Although you want all parts of your paper to be as strong as they can be, really, really make sure that its Methods and Materials section is meticulously written and edited, and that all data are presented clearly, both in the text and in easy-to-follow tables and figures. Rarely will a paper be rejected outright because of a weak Introduction or Discussion. The same is not true for weak Methods or Results.Now here are some specific tips for writing your Methods and Materials and your Results sections:Make sure that you have a very clearly stated primary hypothesis that is well justified by your introduction. This hypothesis should immediately follow the papers introduction and flow directly from it. Only after you have clearly stated your primary hypothesis or study objective, should you state or list your secondary hypotheses. Too often, I read papers in which every one of about ten different objectives is given equal importance. This is extremely confusing to reviewers and will lead them to believe that you never truly knew what you wanted to achieve. Also, the primary objective is the one which justifies your sample size.Make sure that it is very clear how you are going to analyze your data to meet each objective. When I am writing a research grant, the first thing I do is decide what my primary and secondary objectives are. Then I immediately sit down and plan my analysis scheme for each objective. This makes it easy later when I am doing the analysis on collected data and when I am writing a paper for submission. Most reviewers become extremely perplexed if they cannot draw a straight line between each objective and the analysis plan you have described. Make sure that none of your ob jectives is left without a clearly stated analysis plan. I find that using a matched numbering scheme for objectives and analyses can be very helpful. In other words, objective #1 will be met by using data analysis method #1, and so on.Dont forget to go back and fill in all the pertinent details that should fall between listing your objectives and describing your data analysis plan. The most frequently short-changed details in studies involving human subjects are those pertaining to subject recruitment. Describe in detail how subjects in each group (Treatment A, Treatment B, Placebo and so on) are recruited: from the clinic or from the community; randomly or consecutively; using a mailed questionnaire or by telephone using trained interviewers; and so on. Also, make sure that you list all of your inclusion and exclusion criteria. These lists are very important to reviewers.If you randomize subjects into subject groups, describe how. If subjects are blinded to treatment, describe how .Justify your sample size. A recent study of scientific papers published in the last decade found that the majority never had enough subjects to adequately answer the primary question being addressed. Because of this, current reviewers generally are very sensitive to ensuring adequate sample size. I find that this is a detail that is neglected in the majority of submissions, and such an oversight significantly weakens any paper (or grant) in which sample size is a potential issue.If your study involves the use of questionnaires, describe them and justify why you are using them. Have they been used by your research group or other researchers before? Have the questionnaires been published? Have they been scientifically validated? All of these details will strengthen your submission.Finally, avoid Tables and Figures that contain too much data. You DO NOT have to have all data both in the text and in a table or figure. Tables and Figures should be reserved for your most important data a nd/or data that are much more easily presented pictorially than in text.A scientific paper that flows well and is easy to read is much more likely to be accepted for publication than one which is disjointed, confusing and error-filled, irrespective of the scientific merit of the study described. Do not let your paper be rejected because of how it has been written. You already have worked far too hard to design your study and collect your data.

Split Brain Research Essays - Nervous System, Neuroscience, Brain

Split Brain Research Essays - Nervous System, Neuroscience, Brain Split Brain Research Chad Stein PS 101 Dr. Rom 1. Gazzaniga, M.S. One Brain or Two? Scientific American. 1967. Rpt. In Forty Studies That Changed Psychology. Ed. Roger R. Hock. Engewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995. 2-11. 2. This article dealt with experiments that showed the different functions of the right and left hemisphere of the brain. It also described the functions of the left and right hemisphere. Your left brain is better at speaking, writing, mathematical calculations, and reading, and is the primary center for language. Your right hemisphere, posses superior capabilities for recognizing faces, solving problems involving spatial relationships, symbolic reasoning, and artistic activities(9). The experiments were done to find how each hemisphere of the brain process information. To do this the corpus callosum was severed. This made it impossible for the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other. When the corpus callosum is severed it is referred to as the split brain effect. The tests that were performed on the individuals fell into three fields: they were sight, hearing, and touch. All the tests showed that the above is true concerning the functions of each hemisphere of th e brain. The problem that the author was addressing was the fact that the two hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other, and if the communication is destroyed then the functions could be handled by one hemisphere better then the two combined. These experiments proved that there was a dominance in each hemisphere of the brain to perform certain tasks. Even though a connected brain can perform the tasks of both sides. 3. I think that the experiment showed exactly what it set out to do. Show that the separate hemispheres of the brain perform different tasks. It also showed that the brain is capable of performing these tasks even when the corpus callosum has been severed. Although some tasks are performed better when the brain is able to communicate between the hemispheres. 4. The effects on psychology are many. For instance this research helps people understand the different parts of the brain, and how they work. Also when injuries occur to the brain psychologist can determine what the possible effects of the person will be. Finally, psychologist will have a better understanding of how the human brain works.

Soccer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soccer - Essay Example One way or another you have to be totally involved to watch the game and live with it. It is a matter of fact that at least 80 percent of fans are good players. Many people consider simplicity to be the fundamental of soccer popularity, even if you see the game for the very first time you can figure out this game’s manner. But alongside with its simplicity, soccer is a game of great skill and strategy. If we take a look at the crowd, watching the game at the stadium, we would admit that regardless of the age, race or religion they become equal, wearing their teams replica’s shirts or scarves, chanting and supporting their team. The object of the game of soccer is to move the ball across the field and to drive a ball right into an opposing team’s goal and to score a point as a result. There are eleven players in each team playing on a rectangular field and apparently the team that scores the most points is a winner. It is almost impossible to list every existing aspect of the game and each country where soccer is played. Soccer has its interpretation of game culture, own kinesics as a body language of communication between the team players. As the game of contradictions soccer implies development of skill and endurance. You will hardly ever be able to play the ball and perform difficult techniques without training to do so. There are many characteristics a player should gain in order to succeed. Training of strength and endurance is essential feature. Soccer is a game of confidence, reaction and rhythm, thus developing speed, power and agility is important. You have to be flexible in order to warm up or cool down when the situation requires. Soccer game requires proper equipment to increase player’s effectiveness and safety. Shoes with spikes on the bottom are special feature that increases ability to stay on player’s feet and provide a better traction on grass. Socks are very long and sometimes a player has to buy them on his own but

The korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The korean War - Essay Example Member states were called on to deploy military aid, and this was followed by the first US troops landing in South Korea. The Korean conflict lasted for three years until a truce and agreement was reached in 1953 Based on the literature I have read with regards to this subject and my logical interpretation of the events preceding and following the Korean conflict, I am convinced that Truman was totally justified in relieving General MacArthur of his duties. MacArthur (as recognized by many scholars) was a fighting man; he did not know how to quit and even viewed a stalemate as a loss (Halberstam, 2007). I cannot fault General MacArthur for his reasoning, but the time was very wrong for an international nuclear war considering that it had been only 5 years since the end of World War II. I therefore believe that Truman was totally justified in relieving General MacArthur of his duties and hence promoting the greater